Acarbosa - Dosage, Indications and Contraindications

Acarbosa - Dosage, Indications and Contraindications

Acarbosa Drug AZ

Name:Acarbosa

Group: antidiabetic, alpha-glucosidase inhibitors
Trademarks: Precose
Available in tablet form: 25 mg, 5 mg, 100mg

Dosage and Indication
For Type 2 Diabetes:

• Initial dose: 25 mg taken orally every 8 hours when eating (the first bite of food eaten and drunk drugs)
• The dose can be increased to 50 or 100 mg orally every 8 hours with a distance of 4-8 weeks based on the value of sugar 1 hour after eating or glycosylated hemoglobin levels (HbA1c), or the oral glucose tolerance test value per physician

The maximum dose:

• Patients with body weight <60 kg: 50 mg every 8 hours
• Patients with body weight> 60 kg: 100 mg every 8 hours

Usage:
For diabetes mellitus type 2, a single therapy or in combination with sulfonylurea treatment

Side Effects
With a frequency of> 10%

• Abdominal pain (19%)
• Diarrhea (31%)
• Increased serum transaminases
• Fart (74%)

The report, obtained after the drug was marketed:

• Gastrointestinal: fulminant hepatitis with fatal outcome, ileus / subileus (disorders of the small intestine peristalsis), jaundice and / or hepatitis, and hepatic disorders related
• Skin hypersensitivity reactions: rash, erythema, exanthema and urticaria
• Edema
• thrombocytopenia
• Pneumatosis cystoides intestinalis

contraindications

• Recorded history of hypersensitivity (allergy) to acarbosa
• Diabetic ketoacidosis, cirrhosis, inflammatory bowel disease, colonic ulceration, partial intestinal blockage or partial blockage risk, impaired absorption in the gastrointestinal tract

WARNING

• There are no clinical studies on evidence of macrovascular risk reduction in the acarbosa or other antidiabetic drugs
• Concomitant use with sulfonylureas or insulin berisikko hypoglycemic events;handle hypoglycemia with an oral glucose (dextrose) and sucrose do

Pregnancy and Breastfeeding
Security for Pregnancy: Category B.
Type category of drugs for pregnancy:

• Category A: It is generally accepted, has been through research on pregnant women, and shows no evidence of damage to the fetus
• Category B: It may be acceptable to pregnant women, have gone through animal studies but there is no direct evidence in human studies.
• Category C: Used with caution.Animal studies indicate the risk and there is no direct human studies on
• Category D: Used if no other drugs that can be used, and in a life-threatening condition.
• Category X: Do not use in pregnancy.
• Category NA: No information

Not recommended in nursing mothers because no data on whether the drug enters breast milk or not.

Creator Unknown On 05:44 Comment

Allergy - Definition, Symptoms and Anaphylaxis Reaction

Allergy - Definition, Symptoms and Anaphylaxis Reaction

Alergy Diseases AZ

Allergy is a condition when the immune system reacts to something that is normally harmless.Allergens, which doctors call "allergen," can include pollens, molds, and animal dander, certain foods, or things that irritate your skin.

Allergies are very common.At least 1 in 5 people have one type of allergy.Allergies also be genetically inherited, but not always in the same form, eg father food allergies such as eggs, the child may also have other forms such allergies are allergic to dust.

What happens during an allergic reaction?
Allergies start when you are in contact with the trigger when you inhale, ingest, or touch on your skin.

In response, your body starts to make a protein called IgE, which will fight the allergen.Then histamine and other chemicals can be released into the blood.Which causes allergy symptoms such as itching, runny nose, etc.

What are the symptoms that arise?
Your symptoms depend on how you are exposed - by air, in contact with skin, food, or through insect stings.

If you have nasal allergies or skin, common symptoms include:

• Itchy and watery eyes
• Sneezing
• Nasal itching and runny
• Skin rash
• Feeling tired or sick
• Rash with red spots and itching of the skin
• Food allergies can also cause stomach cramps, vomiting, and diarrhea.
• If the triggers are insect stings, you will have swelling, redness, and pain where it sting you.

Symptoms can range from mild to severe.Most symptoms disappear shortly after exposure stops.Mild symptoms can make you feel sick, as if you are having a cold or flu.
Some severe allergic reactions and thus require extreme care in the ER.

Is that an anaphylactic reaction?
The allergic reaction called anaphylaxis most severe.It affects your whole body.Symptoms can include:

• Itching and redness around the body
• Wheezing (wheezing sound "low-grade") or shortness of breath
• Hoarseness or tightness in the throat
• Tingling in hands, feet, lips or scalp

Life-threatening anaphylaxis, so it needs to be brought immediately to the ER.Need proper medical treatment after doctors give injections reliever anaphylaxis (epinephrine), even if the symptoms seem to stop, due to a delayed reaction can still occur.

Creator Unknown On 12:00 Comment

Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) - Causes and Symptoms

Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) - Causes and Symptoms

Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) Diseases AZ

ALS is a progressive neurological disorder that is incurable, degenerative. For reasons that are not understood, the nerve cells of the brain and spinal cord that control the movement of the smooth muscles (voluntary muscles) gradually deteriorated. As a result, muscles waste away, leading to paralysis and death, usually within two to five years.

In the United States, Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis , or ALS, a disease often called Lou Gehrig after the famous baseball player who struggled with the illness and death in 1941.

The only nerve cells affected are nerve lower motor neurons , which control things like the movement of your limbs, swallowing, and even to control some aspect of breathing. But the senses and thought processes remain normal. Complaints of pain rarely occur at any stage of the disease.

The disease is relatively rare: Approximately 5,000 new cases diagnosed in the US each year. It is almost always attack after age 40, and it affects more men than women.

What causes ALS?
Although the cause of ALS is unknown, heredity plays a role in the 5% to 10% of cases. Familial ALS cases (ie, ALS is inherited genetically from parents) believed to be caused by a defective gene that prevents the body to produce normal amounts of an enzyme called superoxide dismutase . This enzyme helps neutralize free radicals, highly reactive oxygen molecules, which are produced during metabolism and can damage body tissues. The researchers speculate that defects in the protective enzymes can also occur in ALS that are not inherited, and environmental toxins may be a factor.

Some evidence suggests that the disease can be triggered by exposure to heavy metals, animal hides, or fertilizer, although this is not proven. Additionally, viral infections and severe physical trauma may be a factor as well. Another theory ALS is a phenomenon called excitotoxicity , in which the nerve cells that control the movement stimulated by excessive neurotransmitter called glutamate to a point where the nerve cells eventually die.

What are symptoms of ALS?
Early signs and symptoms of ALS include:

• Trouble walking, frequent stumbling or difficulty performing normal daily activities
• Weakness in your legs, feet or ankles
• Hand weakness or clumsiness of movement
• Speaking raved does not match the thinking or difficulty swallowing
• Muscle cramps and twitching in the arm, shoulder and tongue
• Difficulty holding the head or maintain good posture

This disease often starts out of your hands, feet or limbs, and then spread to other parts of your body. Over the course of the disease, your muscles become increasingly weak. This weakness eventually affects chewing, swallowing, speaking and breathing.

However, ALS usually does not affect the bowel or bladder control you, your senses, or your thinking skills. This allows you to remain actively involved with family and friends.

Creator Unknown On 05:35 1 Comment

Diabetes - Causes, Symptoms and Treatment

Diabetes - Causes, Symptoms and Treatment

Diabetes Most Deadly Diseases

Diabetes is a condition in which the sugar content in the blood than normal and tend to be high.Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disease that is capable of attacking anyone.Diabetes mellitus (or diabetes) is a chronic condition and lasts a lifetime that affects the body's ability to use energy from food.There are two main types of the disease: Type 1 and Type 2.

As many as 350 million people worldwide have diabetes.In 2004, approximately 3-4 million people died of high blood sugar levels.More than 80% of deaths from diabetes disease occurred in countries with medium and low income levels.WHO estimates that the number of deaths due to diabetes will increase two-fold over the period 2005-2030.

Cause
The principle causes of this disease of any kind is a disruption of the body's ability to use glucose into cells.Normal body is able to break down the sugars and carbohydrates you eat into a special sugar called glucose.Glucose is the fuel for the cells in the body.To enter the glucose into the cells needed insulin.In people with diabetes, the body does not have insulin (Type 1 diabetes) or insulin that is inadequate (Type 2 diabetes).

Because the cells can not take up glucose, the glucose accumulates in the blood stream.High blood glucose levels can damage the small blood vessels in the kidneys, heart, eyes, and nervous system.Therefore, untreated diabetes can lead to heart disease, stroke, kidney disease, blindness, and nerve damage in the legs.

Symptoms
Both types of diabetes have some of the same symptoms and signs:

• Hunger and fatigue.The body converts food into glucose which is used to produce energy.When insulin is not optimal anymore or does not exist, then the body will feel tired easily and quickly hungry.
• Urinate more frequently and being easily thirsty.The average person usually urinate between 4-7 times in 24 hours, but people with the disease may become more frequent.Why?Usually the kidney will absorb glucose followed by absorption of water.But in people with diabetes, blood sugar levels have been increased so that the body may not absorb the glucose.Finally, the water that passes through the kidneys into more.
• Dry mouth and itchy skin.Because of the frequent need to urinate, there is a shortage of water in other body parts.You can become dehydrated and dry mouth.Dry skin can make you itch.
• Blurred vision.Changes in the level of fluid in the body can make the lens in the eye to swell so that the eye lens to change shape and lose the ability to focus.

In certain circumstances, there are symptoms that tend to appear after the glucose has been high for a long time.

• Fungal infections.Both men and women with diabetes could be affected by this.Fungi like glucose, so people with diabetes make easy growing mushrooms.Infection can be grown in areas of the skin that is warm and moist skin folds crate that is in anntara fingers and toes, under the breasts, around the sex organs
• Slow wound healing.Over time, high blood sugar can affect blood flow and cause damage to the nerves that make your body difficult to heal wounds.
• Pain or numbness in the legs.
• Weight loss.If the body can not get energy from you, the cell will begin to burn muscle and fat to obtain other energy sources instead.Patients will lose weight despite not exercising or not eating less.
• Nausea and vomiting.When the body burns energy sources other than glukossa, the burning it in the form of "ketone." The blood may fall under acidic pH conditions, the condition may be life-threatening called diabetic ketoacidosis. Ketones can cause abdominal pain, nausea, and vomiting.

Treatment of Diabetes Type 1 and 2

Diabetes Type 1
Diabetes Type 1 diabetes is also calledinsulin-dependent.Had called the child-onset diabetes, because it often begins in childhood.But over time, many studies have shown that this type can also appear in adults.

Type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune condition.This is due to the pancreas are attacked by antibodies patient's own body.In patients with this type, a damaged pancreas does not make insulin.This type of diabetes can be caused by genetic predisposition.

A number of medical risks associated with type 1 diabetes
Many of them come from damage to small blood vessels in your eyes (called diabetic retinopathy), nerve (diabetic neuropathy), and kidney (diabetic nephropathy).Even more serious risk is the increased risk of heart disease and stroke.

Treatment for Type 1 are with the administration of insulin, by injection through the skin into the fat tissue (biasasnya in abdominal fat tissue).

Diabetes Type 2
By far, most forms of the disease is type 2 diabetes 95% of cases are found in adults.Type 2 This used to be called adult-onset diabetes, but with many cases of epidemic of obesity in children, many new teens who are also experiencing this type.Type 2 diabetes is also called non-insulin dependent diabetes.

Type 2 diabetes usually milder than type 1 because the pancreas is actually able to produce insulin, but because of the lifestyle and the food was not awake, pancreas experiencing "fatigue".The pancreas is able to produce some insulin.But the amount produced is not sufficient for the needs of the body or other body cells become "resistant" to insulin so that the cells become insulin resistant.Insulin resistance, or a lack of sensitivity to insulin, occurs mostly in fat cells, liver, and muscle cells.

Same as type 1, type 2 is capable of causing health complications, especially in the smallest blood vessels in the body such as the kidneys, nerves and eyes.Type 2 diabetes also increases the risk of heart disease and stroke.

People who are obese - with a body weight of more than 20% of ideal body weight - very high risk for developing this type.Obese people tend to have insulin resistance.With insulin resistance, the pancreas has to work too hard to produce more insulin.But despite that, there is not enough insulin to maintain normal sugar.

There is no cure for this disease.At first, type 2 diabetes can be controlled with weight management, nutrition, and exercise.Typically, this type is growing faster in the end, so that the antidiabetic drug is often needed.

A1C test is a blood test that estimated average glucose levels in your blood during the previous three months.Periodic A1C testing may be advised to see how well diet, exercise, and medications work to control blood sugar and results to be seen to prevent organ damage.A1C test is usually done a few times a year.

Call your doctor if:

• Feeling very severe abdominal pain, weakness, and very thirsty
• When urinating very frequently and more
• Breathing deeper and faster than normal (Kusmaull breath, one marker of severity in diabetes)
• Have a sweet-smelling breath like nail polish.(This is a sign of very high levels of ketones

(dr. Ursula Penny)

Creator Unknown On 05:17 Comment

Coronary Heart Disease - Causes, Symptoms and Treatment

Coronary Heart Disease - Causes, Symptoms and Treatment

Coronary Heart Most Deadly Diseases

Coronary heart disease caused by a buildup of cholesterol, fat, or other substances in the blood vessel wall.The heart is a vital organ blood flow in the center of the body.As people age, the elasticity of blood vessels decreased, accompanied by free radicals and fatty plaques that can perch on the wall of blood vessels.Coronary heart disease is medically referred to as ischemic heart disease.This disease is one cause of death in Indonesia.Approximately 35% of the Indonesian population mortality due to heart disease.According to the World Heart Federation, the death rate from coronary heart disease in Southeast Asia reached 1.8 million cases in 2014.

Causes
Coronary heart disease occurs when the coronary arteries (the arteries that supply blood to the heart muscle) become hardened and narrowed.This is due to the buildup of cholesterol and other substances, called plaque, on the walls of blood vessels.This buildup is called atherosclerosis.Plaques will be even greater so that blood flow to the heart muscle is getting fewer and more difficult.As a result, the heart muscle can not get the blood or oxygen it needs.When the network is less intake, then it will be responded cell as what we know as "typical chest pain" called "angina", or if the total clogged coronary artery, the patient can fall into a state of "heart attack".A heart attack is what is the medical urgency due cause permanent heart damage or even death.

Symptoms
If plaque is not interfere with blood flow, or no tear plaque, then there is not necessarily symptoms caused.However, if the plaque is quite large, then the symptoms caused are as follows:

• Chest pain or discomfort in the chest, pain may spread to the neck, jaw, shoulder, and the left-hand side, back, left side of the abdomen (often considered to be an ulcer).This pain can be mild to severe.Chest pain is referred to as "angina".Angina can last for several minutes.If plaque is not clogged coronary arteries in total, then the wind will subside by itself.If angina persist continuously, then immediately take you to the doctor.
• Cold sweat, nausea, vomiting, or fatigue.
• Rhythm steady heartbeat (arrhythmia) can even cause cardiac arrest (sudden cardiac arrest) which if not treated quickly can lead to death

Prevention

Fortunately, there are many things you can do reduce your chances of getting heart disease.You must do the following:

• Know your blood pressure regularly and keep blood pressure in normal numbers (<130/90 mmHg)
• exercise regularly
• do not smoke
• Control blood sugar levels
• Control up cholesterol from triglyceride
• Eating lots of fruits and vegetables
• Maintain a healthy weight
• Avoid excess stress

Heart Healthy Foods for
Your doctor may recommend a heart-healthy eating, which should include:

• Fat-free dairy products or low-fat
• Fish high in omega-3 fatty acids, such as salmon or tuna, about twice a week
• Fruits, such as apples, bananas, oranges, pears, plums and
• Legumes, such as beans, lentils, beans, peas, and lima beans
• Vegetables, such as broccoli, cabbage, and carrots
• Grains, such as oatmeal, brown rice, and corn tortillas

The food was obliged to avoid:

• Red meat
• Fried foods both vegetable and animal oils
• Food and sugary drinks

Management of
Arrhythmias and cardiac arrest is due to gravity, then the case is handled in the ER.As an initial management of patients will be given oxygen, aspilet as blood thinners, morphine as antinyeri (due to blockage that caused it was very painful angina), nitroglycerin sublingual (placed under the tongue) to relieve symptoms.For definitive therapy (therapy that go directly to the root of the problem), could be in 2 ways: operative by placing a ring, or with medications r-TPA (Tissue plasminogen activator), which is a protein to destroy the blood clot that sticks to the walls of blood vessels and only given once in a lifetime.

In patients with coronary heart disease, after treatment in the ED has provided stability in patients, the drug must be consumed as an outpatient drug is nitroglycerin sublingual drug and drug aspilet.(Dr. Ursula Penny)

Creator Unknown On 05:14 Comment

Stroke - Causes, Symptoms and Treatment

Stroke - Causes, Symptoms and Treatment

Most Deadly Diseases Stroke

Stroke is a disease that attacks the nerves in the brain caused by the rupture or blockage of blood vessels.Stroke is a medical urgency.In 2008, data from the Ministry of Health stated that as many as 17.3 million of Indonesian people should be torn down his life for stroke.

Cause
Stroke occurs when blood flow in the brain to stop immediately.Within minutes, brain cells begin to die.There are two types of this disease.First, ischemic stroke, the most common.Ischemic stroke is the result of a blood clot that clogs blood vessels.Second, hemorrhagic stroke, caused by rupture of blood vessels so that blood flows out.There are so-called "Mini Stroke" orTransient Ischaemic Attacks(TIA).TIA occurs when blood flow in the brain is only paused.

symptom

• Sudden numbness or weakness of face, arm or leg (especially on one side of the body)
• Sudden loss of consciousness, difficulty speaking or understanding speech
• Problems suddenly seeing in one or both eyes
• Sudden trouble walking, dizziness, loss of balance or coordination
• Severe headache suddenly without any known cause

Remember, the key word for the symptoms of this disease: symptoms initially SUDDENLY.

Treatment
If you find yourself or family members complain of these symptoms at once, you should go immediately to the hospital considering the disease is a medical urgency.The initial thing is usually done in the ER is laid patient and flex the head (bending the neck toward the front) to 30 degrees, and then do a CT scan as examination gold standard to determine whether this is an ischemic stroke or hemorrhagic stroke, as a remedy for both of them is very different.The principle of treatment of ischemic stroke is a blood clot dissolving or while hemorrhagic stroke is to stop the bleeding.Post-stroke rehabilitation helps individuals overcome disabilities that result from damage to these diseases.While the TIA itself an "alarm" of the stroke so that even patients with TIA will be "cured" to normal in <24 hours, patients with TIA should still be taking blood thinning medicines obtained from a doctor and keep the lifestyle in order to avoid this disease.

Read more:http://doktersehat.com/stroke/#ixzz4OHnb5SUt

Creator Unknown On 05:01 Comment

short Tips To Keep for hair Short Stay Healthy And Beautiful

short Tips To Keep for hair Short Stay Healthy And Beautiful

BEAUTY HEALTH HEALTHY LIVING

Although long hair is often a dream of most women, but for a woman who has a lot of activity, short hair be considered a practical option. Even so, it does not mean you can miss maintain the health and beauty of your short hair.

How to maintain or take care of short hair on women is certainly not the same as a man with short hair. Women need a lot of ways to keep short hair look beautiful and cared for properly.

Keep your short hair look by doing some easy tips below:

• Choosing the right hair care products In order to maintain the health of your short hair, choose the right hair care products (eg shampoo) still need to be considered. Adjust shampoo for your hair type. If you have dry hair, then select a shampoo containing natural oils such as coconut oil, argan oil, grape seed oil and avocado oil. For hair that is not problematic, use shampoos that can help make the hair look fluffy. Typically, in the packaging of shampoo will be written the word 'volumizing ' or add volume to hair. If you have had a short hair coloring process, choose a shampoo for hair that if you have oily hair types, avoid using hair softener, and use a special shampoo for oily hair.
• Reforming the hair look without ruining Notice the way you organize your short hair look. In order to get the hairstyle you want, like a blow , you need to use a hair dryer. Point the hair dryer from top to bottom, do not use it too close to touch the hair, and use a medium heat level.
• Do not be too frequent shampooing order to maintain the health and beauty of your short hair, avoid washing your hair too sering.Kebiasaan this can make hair become dry and eliminate your hair's natural moisturizer. The result will make the hair look unhealthy. Wear less and less you shampoo shampoo, the less hair care products you need to wear. You only need to wash one to two times a week for normal hair. For oily hair, you need to wash more often in a week.
• Healthy food choices for hair If you want to keep your short hair healthy and beautiful, you also need to eat foods that are rich in nutrients needed hair. For example, by eating eggs, fish, legumes, poultry, fat-free meat, and low-fat milk is rich in protein. In addition, you also need to eat foods that contain zinc eg, almonds, cashews, walnuts, pecans, and green vegetables. For hair health, foods containing omega 3 such as mackerel, salmon, sardines, yogurt, and flaxseed are also recommended for consumption.

Although it seems more practical, short hair also kept his health still need to keep it looking healthy and beautiful. Take a good look you in the habit of caring for the hair.And remember to not only protect it from the outside, but also keep it from within.Make a habit of eating foods that are rich in nutrients for the health of your short hair.Do not hesitate to consult a doctor about the problem on your hair.

Style short hair is now being applied to modern women in order to perform a practical yet fashionable and feminine.How not, hot weather due to warming air temperatures of rays is the sun that is the reason they change into short haircut.Another reason, the women generally consider if the long hair that can only disrupt their activities while working.Therefore, the women also cut their hair to be short because it looks more Eye Catching, Fresh, Modern, and of course Trendy.However, the majority of women today still do not know the correct hair care tips and simple.

Keep in mind that the sensation of short hair on women is drawn directly with her sexuality.Yes, visually neck of a woman would be immediately apparent which typically is softer and more level.But what about women who have properties Tomboy?.Women dressed like a tomboy certainly seems that men are not you?Well, if they've definitely like the same hair style shorter than memanjangin hair.So, generally all women would continue to look for tips on caring for her short hair in order to maintain healthy hair though already short.

Ladies, in terms of taking care of short hair is the same as with the long hair care.When caring for short hair, do not just concentrate on her hair alone but in other areas.However, the health condition of the hair is still the number one to be fertile, powerful and luminous course.Here we point out the short hair care tips are simple:

• Consumption of food fertilizer hair
  type recommended foods include fruits and vegetables.Both types of these foods are considered to maintain the health and fertility of hair.Not forgetting, radiant beauty straight short hair also looks bright and shining.

• Diligent wash
  Yes, shampooing remains to be done in spite of your hair is now short.With a wash, short hair you will be protected from loss and dirty.If you have clean and fragrant it will be felt directly by the people around.

• Hairdressing correctly
  Tips should be considered in the case of arranging the short hair is to comb Blow.This is done for your short hair look thicker.While the terms of the short hair style needs to do hairstyle with thin strokes and too long.The main requirement, comb that you choose must toothed meeting in order to form each strand of your short hair.

• Remain diligent combed
  You certainly have to keep doing this even though her hair is now short.Many argue that through constant strokes, the blood circulation to the hair remains smooth, so you can get a short hair look beautiful and fresh.

• Put the conditioner
  The latter is encouraged to continue using the conditioner in order to maintain its softness.If you've been awake every strand of hair, then style your short hair remains beautiful views and Eye Catching.Give conditioner after you complete wash.However, you should consider the type of conditioner that suits your hair type of course.

Creator Unknown On 21:03 1 Comment